Importancia del ejercicio físico en las personas con diabetes mellitus / Importance of physical exercise in people with diabetes mellitus

Introducción: el ejercicio físico constituye uno de los pilares fundamentales en el tratamiento de las personas con diabetes. Ajustar el régimen terapéutico permite una participación segura y un alto desempeño de la actividad física. Objetivo: describir los efectos y la importancia del ejercicio físico en las personas con diabetes mellitus. Método: se realizó una investigación documental, se utilizó como buscador de información científica Google Académico. Se evaluaron libros, artículos de investigación y de revisión de diferentes bases de datos: LILACS, PubMed, SciElo, Cochrane y páginas web, en idioma español, inglés o portugués. Resultados: en las personas con diabetes se recomiendan los ejercicios físicos aeróbicos, los mismos incrementan la sensibilidad a la insulina influyendo favorablemente sobre el control metabólico; los ejercicios de resistencia también son beneficiosos con el objetivo de mejorar la fuerza muscular. Antes de desarrollar un programa de ejercicios, la persona con diabetes mellitus debe someterse a una evaluación médica detallada. La indicación del tipo de ejercicio, su intensidad y duración debe ser personalizada. El control glucémico antes, durante y después del ejercicio es fundamental. En los niños pequeños fomentar el juego es la mejor manera de garantizar una actividad física placentera. Conclusiones: el ejercicio físico debe indicarse en las personas con diabetes mellitus por sus múltiples beneficios relacionados con la salud. Su indicación debe ser individualizada

Introduction: Physical exercise is one of de fundamental pillars in the treatment of people with diabetes. Adjusting the therapeutic regimen allows safe participation and high performance of physical activity. Aim: To describe the effects and importance of physical exercise in people with diabetes mellitus. Method: A documentary investigation was carried out. It was used as a search engine for scientific information Google Academic. Books, research and review articles from different databases were evaluated: LILACS, PubMed, SciElo, Cochrane and web pages in Spanish, English and Portuguese. Results: In people with diabetes, aerobic physical exercises are recommended, they increase insulin sensitivity and have a favorable influence on metabolic control. Resistance exercises are also beneficial in order to improve muscle strength. Before developing an exercise program, the person with diabetes mellitus must undergo a detailed medical evaluation. The indication of the type of exercise, its intensity and duration must be personalized. Glycemic control before, during and after exercise is essential. Encouraging play in young children is the best way to ensure enjoyable physical activity. Conclusions: The physical exercise should be indicated in people with diabetes mellitus due to its multiple health- related benefits; its indication must be individualized.

Hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients of a tertiary care hospital: prevalence and treatment in two cross-sectional evaluations (2011-2020)

ABSTRACT Objective: A study at Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto in 2011 revealed suboptimal control of inpatient hyperglycemia and a similar one was carried out in 2020. This study compares the results of 2011 and 2020 regarding prevalence of hyperglycemia, metabolic control, treatment and glycemic profile by infection/non-infection diagnosis. Subjects and methods: We performed two cross-sectional studies on 13th December 2011 and 9th October 2020 that included all non-critical adults with at least 24 hours of hospitalization, with no specific intervention between them. Glycemic control evaluated by minimum and maximum capillary blood glucose (CBG) in the previous day categorized as hypoglycemia (<70 mg/dL), normoglycemia (70-179 mg/dL) and hyperglycemia (≥180 mg/dL) (SPSS v.20). Results: A total of 418 and 445 patients were respectively included in 2011 and 2020 studies and the prevalence of hyperglycemia was similar. Glycemic control improved numerically although not significantly in 2020: increase in normoglycemia, reduction in hyperglycemia and reduction in hypoglycemia. There was an increase in the use of basal-bolus regimens (19.6% vs. 7.3%, p = 0.009) and a decrease in human basal (p < 0.01) and rapid-acting insulin use (p = 0.001) with a proportional increase in long-acting (p = 0.002) and rapid-acting analogs (p < 0.001) use. There was a higher prevalence of infection (39.8% vs. 23.1%, p = 0.006) in 2020 and, in the infection subgroup, there were higher insulinization rates (37.3% vs. 10.7%, p = 0.017) and a trend to glycemic control improvement. Conclusion: Despite the higher insulinization rates, the preference for new insulin analogs and a trend to better glycemic control, we have not yet reached targets, so education still remains necessary.

Experiencia en el uso de fibrina rica en plaquetas en pacientes con pie diabético / Experience in the use of platelet-rich fibrin in patients with diabetic foot

Resumen Objetivos: Describir las características clínicas y de laboratorio de los pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 (DM2) en tratamiento con fibrina rica en plaquetas (FRP) en el Hospital Clínico Herminda Martín entre los años 2014 y 2016. Materiales y Método: Se revisaron las fichas clínicas de todos los pacientes tratados con FRP en el policlínico de biomateriales en busca de los valores de HbA1c y glicemia, además de otras variables clínicas y de laboratorio que pudieren estar relacionadas con la evolución de las heridas de pie diabético. Se estableció tres grupos de comparación según el tiempo de cicatrización en cicatrización rápida (tiempo percentil 75). Resultados: De un universo de 147 pacientes con DM2 se reportan resultados de 85 (58%). El promedio de edad fue de 61 años, con una glicemia promedio de 243 g/dL y HbA1c de 9,4%. Presentaron un contaje plaquetario dentro de los parámetros normales (promedio 279 plaquetas/mm3). Se encontraron diferencias estadísticas en la escala de valoración de heridas, específicamente en la valoración del puntaje total, así como los parámetros como extensión, profundidad, y dolor entre los grupos de cicatrización rápida y lenta. No se evidenciaron diferencias en el nivel de HbA1c o glicemia en los grupos de cicatrización rápida o lenta, como tampoco en otras variables como edad, creatinina, recuento de plaquetas. Conclusión: No se encontró una asociación entre la velocidad de cicatrización y el nivel de HbA1c en individuos tratados con FRP.

Aims: To describe the clinical and laboratory characteristics of type 2 diabetic patients (DM2) treated with Platelet Rich Fibrin (FRP) at Hospital Clínico Herminda Martín between 2014 and 2016. Materials and Method: Analytical study that includes information from a secondary database. The clinical records of all patients treated with FRP at the Biomaterials Polyclinic were reviewed to search the HbA1c and glycemia values, as well as other clinical and laboratory variables that could be related to the evolution of diabetic foot wounds. Three comparison groups were established according to the healing time in rapid (time 75th percentile). Results: From a universe of 147 patients with DM2, results of 85 (58%) are reported. The average age in the included patients was 61 years. They had an average glycaemia of 243 g/dL, and HbA1c of 9.4%. They presented a platelet count within normal range (average 279 platelets/mm3). Statistical differences between the fast and slow healing groups were found in the wound assessment scale, specifically in the assessment of the total score, extension, depth, and pain. There were no differences in the HbA1c or glycemia level in the fast or slow healing groups, nor in other variables such as age, creatinine, and platelet count. Conclusion: No association was found between healing speed and HbA1c level in individuals treated with FRP.

¿Por qué asociar la enfermedad periodontal inmunoinflamatoria crónica con el descontrol metabólico del paciente diabético? / Why to link the chronic immune-mediated inflammatory disease with the absence of metabolic control of a patient suffering from diabetes?

Introducción: La asociación entre la diabetes mellitus y las periodontopatías se ha reportado en numerosos estudios. Se acepta que la interrelación entre ambas es bidireccional. Un alto porcentaje de los estudios epidemiológicos, así como de los estudios en animales de experimentación, sugieren que la presencia de una condición tiende a aumentar el riesgo y la severidad de la otra. Objetivo: Consolidar núcleos teóricos y evidencias clínicas que esclarezcan la relación entre la enfermedad periodontal inmunoinflamatoria crónica y el descontrol metabólico del paciente diabético. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura disponible a través de la búsqueda automatizada en las bases de datos: PubMed, Scielo y Google Académico, en el período de enero - junio de 2020. La estrategia de búsqueda se realizó a nivel de título, resumen y palabras clave de los artículos, con el uso de conectores lógicos. Se evaluaron artículos de revisión, de investigación, metaanálisis, de autores cubanos e internacionales que hicieran referencia específicamente al tema de estudio a través del título. Resultados: Fueron seleccionados 29 textos científicos, escritos en idioma español e inglés, publicados entre el año 2005 y el 2019, de los cuales 27 eran artículos científicos de revistas y 2 libros de texto. Conclusiones: La mayor parte de las publicaciones revisadas sobre el tema, avalan la relación entre enfermedad periodontal y descontrol metabólico diabético, basados en estudios clínicos y hemoquímicos. Existen investigadores que sugieren continuidad de estudios para perfeccionar metodologías, esclarecer teorías y sobredimensionamiento de la asociación. La valoración de las periodontopatías, como factor de riesgo para el descontrol metabólico del diabético, debe pasar de una interrogante a una estrategia promocional, preventiva y terapéutica(AU)

Introduction: The association between Diabetes Mellitus and periodontopathies has been reported in numerous studies. It is accepted that the interrelation between the two is bidirectional. A high percentage of epidemiological studies, as well as studies in experimental animals, suggest that the presence of one condition tends to increase the risk and severity of the other. Objective: Consolidate theoretical nuclei and clinical evidence that clarify the relationship between chronic immune-mediated inflammatory periodontal disease and the metabolic decontrol of the diabetic patient. Methods: A review of the available literature was performed through the automated search in the following databases: PubMed, Scielo and Google Scholar, in the period January-June 2020. The search strategy was carried out through the title, abstract and keywords levels of the articles, with the use of logic connectors. Review, research and meta-analysis articles and by Cuban and international authors ones were assessed and that make specific reference to the studied topic through the title. Results: 29 scientific texts were selected; those were written in Spanish and English, published between 2005 and 2019, of which 27 were articles from a scientific journal and 2 were textbooks. Conclusions: Most of the publications reviewed on the subject endorse the relation between periodontal disease and diabetic metabolic decontrol, based on clinical and hemochemical studies. There are researchers who suggest continuity of studies to improve methodologies, clarify theories and oversize the association. The evaluation of periodontopathies as a risk factor for the metabolic decontrol of the diabetic must go from a question to a promotional, preventive and therapeutic strategy(AU)

Evaluación del control metabólico de personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 participantes de una intervención educativa grupal. Resultados de un análisis de conglomerados / Evaluation of metabolic control of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus participating in a group educational intervention; results of a cluster analysis

Resumen Objetivo: evaluar los resultados de una intervención educativa grupal en diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) para determinar la capacidad de las personas participantes en el control metabólico de la enfermedad. Metodología: se realizaron diferentes análisis estadísticos; a saber, un análisis de correlación y de conglomerados mediante tres procedimientos (K medias con valores estandarizados de las variables involucradas, análisis jerárquico con variables estandarizadas) y una combinación de análisis factorial con K medias. Además, se llevó a cabo un análisis de normalización para determinar la efectividad del Programa de Intervención Nutricional en Enfermedades Crónicas. Resultados: completaron la intervención educativa 702 personas con diabetes, de las cuales la mayoría son mujeres, con edades entre 40 y 64 años. Las variables que resultaron estadísticamente significativas (p<0,001) para el análisis de conglomerados fueron glicemia posprandial, glicemia en ayunas, hemoglobina glicosilada, colesterol total y triglicéridos, donde los valores promedio disminuyeron en todas las pruebas clínicas después de la intervención educativa. Por medio de la combinación del análisis factorial y el análisis de conglomerados se generaron tres grupos: DM2 control bajo, DM2 control medio y DM2 control alto. En el análisis de normalización, se determinó que la intervención educativa del Programa de Intervención Nutricional en Enfermedades Crónicas fue efectiva. Conclusión: los resultados de estudio permitirán enfocar los objetivos terapéuticos de la intervención educativa mediante acciones propias y de seguimiento del tratamiento de una manera más certera.

Abstract Objective: Evaluate the results of a group educational intervention in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) to determine the capacity of the participants in the metabolic control of the disease. Methodology: Different statistical analyzes were performed: correlation and cluster analysis using three procedures (K means with standardized values of the variables involved, hierarchical analysis with standardized variables) and a combination of factor analysis with K means. In addition, a normalization analysis was carried out to determine the effectiveness of the Nutritional Intervention Program in Chronic Diseases. Results: 702 people with diabetes completed the educational intervention, of which the majority are women, ages between 40 and 64 years old. The variables that were statistically significant (p <0.001) for the cluster analysis were postprandial glycemia, fasting glycemia, glycated hemoglobin, total cholesterol and triglycerides, where the average values decreased in all the clinical tests after the educational intervention. Three groups were generated by combining factorial analysis and cluster analysis: low control DM2, medium control DM2 and high control DM2. In the normalization analysis, it was determined that the educational intervention of the Nutritional Intervention Program in Chronic Diseases was effective. Conclusion: The results of this study will allow us to focus on the therapeutic objectives of the educational intervention through our own actions and by monitoring the treatment in a more accurate way.

Espirulina como producto natural con potencialidades para su empleo en pacientes con diabetes mellitus / Spirulina as a natural product with potentials for its use in patients with diabetes mellitus

Introducción: La Spirulina platensis es una cianobacteria planctónica filamentosa, que contiene un espectro natural de mezclas de pigmentos de caroteno, xantofila y ficocianina, con actividad antioxidante y la posibilidad de inducir un mejor control de la glucemia en las personas con diabetes mellitus. Objetivo: Describir los efectos del uso del producto logrado a partir de la bacteria Spirulina platensis en el paciente con diabetes mellitus. Método: Se utilizaron como buscadores de información científica a PubMed, SciELO, Google y Google Académico. Las palabras claves utilizadas fueron: espirulina, Spirulina platensis, Arthrospira platensis, diabetes mellitus y control metabólico. Se evaluaron artículos de revisión, de investigación y páginas web que, en general, tenían menos de 10 años de publicados en idioma español, portugués e inglés, cuyos títulos estaban relacionados con el tema de estudio. Se obtuvieron 70 referencias bibliográficas, de las cuales 49 se citaron en el presente artículo. Conclusiones: La espirulina tiene varios efectos benéficos que permiten su uso como coadyuvante en la prevención y tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus. Es un nutriente con bondades nutraceúticas y funcionales, con potente actividad antioxidante, que incide en un mejor control glucémico y puede ser útil en el manejo de las posibles complicaciones y comorbilidades que acompañan a la diabetes mellitus. Su uso conlleva la posibilidad de algunas reacciones adversas, sobre todo de tipo digestivas, aunque no son frecuentes si se emplean las dosis recomendadas; en general, es considerada un producto seguro(AU)

Introduction: Spirulina platensis is a plankton filamentous cyanobacteria that has a natural spectrum of carotene, xanthophyll and phycocyanin pigments´mix, with antioxidant activity and the possibility of inducing a better control of glycemia in patients with diabetes mellitus. Objective: Describe the effects of the use in patients with diabetes mellitus of a product made from Spirulina platensis bacteria. Method: There were used as scientific information searchers: PubMed, SciELO, Google and Google Scholar. The keywords used were: Spirulina, Spirulina platensis, Arthrospira platensis, diabetes mellitus and metabolic control. There were assessed review articles, research articles and web pages, that in general had less than 10 years of being published in Spanish, Portuguese or English language, and whose titles were related with the studied topic. 70 bibliographic references were collected, and 49 of them were quoted in this article. Conclusions: Spirulina has different beneficial effects that allow its use as coadjuvant agent in the prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus. It is a nutrient with functional and nutraceutical mildness, with a powerful antioxidant activity which has incidence in a better glycemic control and can be useful in the management of possible complications and comorbidities that accompany diabetes mellitus. Its use entails the possible adverse reactions, mainly digestive ones; although they are not frequent if the recommended doses are used. In general terms, it is considered a safe product(AU)

Asociación entre sentido de coherencia y control glucémico en personas con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 / Associação entre Senso de Coerência e controle glicêmico em pessoas com Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 / Association between Sense of Coherence and glycemic control in people with Type 2 Mellitus Diabetes

Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre sentido de coherencia y control glucémico en adultos con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2. Métodos: Estudio de tipo transversal desarrollado durante el año 2018 en el cual fueron encuestados 220 diabéticos de tres unidades de Salud de la Secretaría de Salud del Estado de Jalisco en Ciudad Guzmán, México. Se les aplicó el instrumento SOC-13 para sentido de coherencia y el control glucémico se evaluó por medio del nivel de hemoglobina glucosilada que se obtuvo del expediente médico. Los datos se analizaron por medio del análisis de regresión logística. Resultados: Se obtuvieron resultados con un total de 220 participantes en un rango de edad entre 23 y 69 años de los que el 67% presentó control glucémico inadecuado y el 33% control glucémico adecuado; de los encuestados con control glucémico inadecuado el 24% refirió puntuaciones bajas de sentido de coherencia, mientras que el 96% de quienes tienen control glucémico adecuado obtuvo puntuaciones medio/alta de sentido de coherencia. Los análisis de regresión logística arrojan que el sentido de coherencia se asocia significativamente con el control glucémico (OR = 7.2; 95% C.I: 2.0-24.7; p = 0.002) después de ajustar los análisis por diversas variables confusoras como sexo, apego al plan alimenticio, actividad física, ausencia de complicaciones y ausencia de tabaquismo. Conclusión: Los diabéticos con puntuaciones medio/altas de sentido de coherencia tienen hasta 7 veces más probabilidad de tener control glucémico adecuado que diabéticos con puntuaciones bajas de sentido de coherencia independientemente de variables intervinientes.

Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre senso de coerência e controle glicêmico em adultos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Métodos: Estudo transversal desenvolvido durante 2018, com 220 diabéticos de três unidades de saúde da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de Jalisco na cidade de Guzmán, México. Aplicou-se o instrumento SOC-13 para senso de coerência, e avaliou-se o controle glicêmico por meio do nível de hemoglobina glicosada obtido nos prontuários. Assim, obtiveram-se os dados por análise de regressão logística. Resultados: Os 220 participantes tinham faixa etária de 23 a 69 anos, dos quais 148 (67%) apresentavam controle glicêmico inadequado e 72 (33%) controle glicêmico adequado; 24% dos pesquisados com controle glicêmico inadequado relataram escores baixos para senso de coerência, enquanto 96% daqueles com controle glicêmico adequado obtiveram escores médios/ altos para senso de coerência. As análises de regressão logística mostram que o senso de coerência está significativamente associado ao controle glicêmico (OR=7,2; IC 95%: 2,0-24,7; p=0,002) após ajustar as análises para variáveis de confusão, como sexo, adesão ao plano alimentar, atividade física, ausência de complicações e ausência de tabagismo. Conclusão: Diabéticos, com escores médios/altos de senso de coerência, têm até 7 vezes mais chances de apresentar controle glicêmico adequado do que diabéticos com baixos escores de senso de coerência, independentemente das variáveis intervenientes.

Objective: To evaluate the association between a sense of coherence and glycemic control in adults with type 2 Mellitus Diabetes. Methods: Cross-sectional study, developed during 2018, 220 diabetics from three health units of the Secretaria de Salud del Estado de Jalisco in Ciudad Guzmán, Mexico, the SOC-13 instrument was applied for a sense of coherence, glycemic control was evaluated through the level of glycosylated hemoglobin obtained from the medical record, the data was analyzed through logistic regression analysis. Results: Results were obtained with a total of 220 participants in an age range of 23 to 69 years of which 67% presented inadequate glycemic control and 33% adequate glycemic control; 24% of those surveyed with inadequate glycemic control reported low scores for a sense of coherence, while 96% of those with adequate glycemic control obtained medium/high scores for a sense of coherence. The logistic regression analyzes show that the sense of coherence is significantly associated with glycemic control (OR=7.2; 95% CI: 2.0-24.7; p=0.002) after adjusting the analyzes for various confounding variables such as sex, adherence to eating plan, physical activity, absence of complications and absence of smoking. Conclusion: Diabetics with medium/high scores of coherence sense are up to 7 times more likely to have adequate glycemic control than diabetics with low scores of coherence sense regardless of intervening variables.

Clinical, Biochemical and Molecular Characterization of a Cohort of Glycogen Storage Disease Type I Patients in a High Complexity Hospital in Argentina

Abstract Glycogen storage disease type I is an autosomal recessive disorder of carbohydrate metabolism that manifests mainly by hepatomegaly and hypoglycemia with short fasts. Despite strict therapy, patients present long-term renal and liver complications. Data of 36 patients,29 GSD Ia and 7 Ib from a high complexity Hospital in Argentina was collected retrospectively. Collected data included diagnosis, anthropometric, biochemical parameters, therapy and follow-up. Treatment increased Height SDS (p=0.012). Patients with good adherence to therapy presented better growth parameters (p=0.049). Instead, admissions were detrimental (p =0.031) and were more common in Ib patients (p=0.002). The early appearance of complications (liver adenomas and nephropathy) was related to sustained triglyceride values > 500mg / dl (p=0.009 and 0.046 respectively). With intensive dietary treatment, clinical and biochemical status improves but cannot be completely corrected in most patients. Growth improves with treatment and this is optimized with adequate adherence. We must take into account that with ageing, more complications will develop.

Caracterización del estado inmunometabólico de los pacientes con diagnóstico de pie diabético / Characterization of the immunometabolic status of patients with diagnosis of diabetic foot

Introducción: El pie diabético es una alteración clínica inducida por la hiperglucemia mantenida, con o sin isquemia y previo traumatismo, lesión y/o ulceración del pie. La hiperglucemia favorece las infecciones, pero no potencia el crecimiento bacteriano, lo que sugiere la participación del sistema inmune en esta susceptibilidad. Objetivo: Caracterizar el estado inmunometabólico de los pacientes con diagnóstico pie diabético. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en 25 pacientes ingresados con diagnóstico de pie diabético, entre septiembre y diciembre de 2018 en el Hospital Universitario "Manuel Ascunce Domenéch". Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, sexo, formas clínicas de presentación del pie diabético, complementos 3 y 4, inmunoglobulinas G y A, y hemoglobina glucosilada. Se empleó la estadística descriptiva para el análisis de los datos. Resultados: El sexo femenino representó el 60 por ciento y los pacientes con más de 70 años el 40 por ciento. La inmunoglobulina G sérica se encontró disminuida en un 28 por ciento de los pacientes con pie diabético y aumentada en otro 28 por ciento. La hemoglobina glucosilada reflejó un desbalance en el 48 por ciento de los casos. De los pacientes con descontrol metabólico, 8 (32 por ciento) mostraron alteraciones de la inmunoglobulina G y 2 del componente C3. Conclusiones: Existió un grupo de pacientes con pie diabético que presentaron alteraciones inmunológicas variables y/o descontrol metabólico. Estos podrían beneficiarse con un manejo integral a partir del uso de inmunoterapia y la prevención de complicaciones infecciosas del pie diabético(AU)

Introduction: Diabetic foot is a clinic alteration induced by persistent hyperglycemias, with or without ischemia and previous trauma, lesion and/or ulceration of the foot. Hyperglycemia favours infections, but it does not increase the bacterial growth which suggests the participation of the immune system in this sensitivity. Objective: To characterize the immunometabolic status of patients with diagnosis of diabetic foot. Methods: It was carried out a descriptive, cross-sectional study in 25 patients hospitalized with diagnosis of diabetic foot among September and December, 2018 in "Manuel Ascunce Domenech" University Hospital. The studied variables were: age, sex, clinical forms of diabetic foot, complement 3 and 4, G and A, immunoglobulins and glycosylated hemoglobine. It was used descriptive statistic for data analysis. Results: Females represented the 60 percent and patients older than 70 years were the 40 percet. Seric G immunoglobulin was found as decreased in 28 percent of the patients with diabetic foot and increased in the 28 percent. Glycosylated hemoglobine presented unbalanced in 48 percent of the cases. From the patients with metabolic decontrol, 8 (32 percent) showed alterations of G immunoglobulin and 2 in the component C3. Conclusions: There was a group of patients with diabetic foot who presented variable immunological alterations and/or metabolic decontrol. Those patients can benefit with an integral management using immunotherapy and the prevention of infectious complications of the diabetic foot(AU)

Programa de transición: evaluación de un modelo a 4 años de su implementación / Transition program: evaluation of a model 4 years after its implementation

INTRODUCCIÓN: La evaluación de los programas de transición (PT) es un paso fundamental para determinar su importancia como estrategia de seguimiento y apoyo a los adolescentes con diabetes tipo 1 (DM1) que transitan de una atención pediátrica a una adulta. OBJETIVO: evaluar un modelo de PT para adolescentes con DM1 a 4 años de su implementación. SUJETOS Y MÉTODO: este estudio se realizó en 65 adolescentes que ingresaron al PT. Se evaluó el cumplimiento de los indicadores de adherencia del PT (preparación, continuidad, regularidad, exclusividad en la atención médica y seguimiento psicológico), la participación de los adolescentes en el PT (cumplir con los 5 indicadores) y el control metabólico asociado a esa participación. El análisis estadístico se realizó con Prueba de Chi Cuadrado para las variables grados de participación y control metabólico; y Prueba T de Student para muestras pareadas para evaluar la variación de HbA1c al finalizar el primer año en atención como adulto. RESULTADOS: los indicadores de adherencia del PT se cumplen sobre el 65% en la población estudiada. Se encontró que el 38,5% de los adolescentes logran participación completa en el PT (cumplir 5 indicadores), 43,1% participación parcial (cumplir 3 o 4 indicadores) y 18,4% participación insuficiente en el PT (cumplir con 0, 1 ó 2 indicadores). Se observó una mayor frecuencia de mantenimiento o mejoría del control metabólico en los adolescentes con participación completa en el PT en comparación con los de participación parcial e insuficiente (76% v/s 59,2% y 22,2% respectivamente). Se observó un cambio significativo (p < 0,05) de la HbA1c en adolescentes con participación completa y participación parcial. CONCLUSIÓN: en los adolescentes con DM1, se debe incentivar la participación en el PT para fortalecer las conductas de adherencia al tratamiento diabético incluyendo el control metabólico.

INTRODUCTION: the evaluation of the transition programs (TP) is a fundamental step to determine its importance as a follow-up and support strategy for adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) who move from a pediatric to adult care. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate a TP model for adolescents with T1D 4 years after its implementation. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: this study was carried out in 65 adolescents who entered the TP. Compliance with the TP adherence indicators was evaluated (preparation, continuity, regularity, exclusivity in medical care and psychological follow-up), the participation of adolescents in the TP (compliance with the 5 indicators) and the metabolic control associated with that participation. The statistical analysis was carried out with Chi-square test for the variable degrees of participation and metabolic control; and paired Student's T test for the change of HbA1c at the end of the first year in adult. RESULTS: TP adherence indicators are met over 65% in the population studied. When evaluating participation in the TP, it was found that 38.5% of adolescents achieved full participation in the TP (meet 5 indicators), 43.1% partial participation (meet 3 or 4 indicators) and 18.4% insufficient participation in the TP (comply with 0, 1 or 2 indicators). A higher frequency of maintenance or improvement of metabolic control was observed in adolescents with full participation in the TP compared to those with partial and insufficient participation (76% v/s 59.2% and 22.2% respectively). The statistical difference (p < 0.05) was obtained in the change of HbA1c of adolescents with full participation and partial participation. CONCLUSION: in adolescents with T1D, participation in TP should be encouraged to strengthen adherence to diabetic treatment including metabolic control.

Intervención cognitivo-conductual para el control metabólico de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2: un estudio piloto / Cognitive-behavioral intervention for the metabolic control of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a pilot study

Resumen En México, una de cada cuatro personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) tiene un control aceptable de la enfermedad. Consecuentemente, el propósito de este estudio fue determinar el cambio clínico de una intervención cognitivo-conductual en el control metabólico (CM) de la DM2 y variables psicológicas asociadas (malestar emocional asociado a diabetes mellitus [MEADM], sintomatología depresiva y bienestar psicológico). Se utilizó un diseño cuasiexperimental pretest-postest con seguimiento a los tres meses. Los resultados muestran un efecto muy alto de la intervención en el MEADM del pretest al postest (g = 1.399) y al seguimiento (g = 1.478); un efecto moderado del pretest al postest (g = 0.461) y alto del pretest al postest (g = 1.036) en el bienestar psicológico. Se necesita más tiempo para que la HbA1c y la sintomatología depresiva lleguen a rangos de control.

Abstract In Mexico, one of four people with type 2 diabetes mellitus has an acceptable control. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the clinical change of a cognitive-behavioral intervention on metabolic control and associated psychological variables (emotional distress, depressive symptomatology and psychological well-being) in people with this disease. A quasi-experimental pretest posttest design with a follow-up of one and three months was used. Results show a very high effect on the emotional distress to the pretest to posttest (g = 1.399) and to the follow-up (g = 1.478); a moderate effect from pretest to posttest (g = 0.461) and high from pretest to posttest (g = 1.036) in psychological well-being. More time is needed for the HbA1c and depressive symptomatology reach ranges of control.

Nueva generación de insulinas: glargina U300: Resumen de evidencia clínica / New generation of insulins: glargine U300. Summary of clinical evidence

La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 tiene evolución crónica y progresiva, prevalencia creciente y aún es diagnosticada tardíamente. Esto conlleva mayor incidencia de complicaciones crónicas, con incremento de costos en salud. Existe retraso en el inicio de insulinoterapia por causas relacionadas tanto al paciente como al médico. A pesar de los avances en su tratamiento, una baja proporción de enfermos logra control glucémico adecuado. La alta prevalencia de hipoglucemia en pacientes insulino-tratados, impulsó el desarrollo de una nueva generación de insulinas basales de acción prolongada, mayor estabilidad con menor variabilidad y riesgo de hipoglucemias. El programa EDITION evaluó la eficacia y seguridad de glargina U300 vs. glargina U100 en pacientes con diabetes tipo 1 y 2, en distintas etapas de la enfermedad. Glargina U300 es una nueva formulación de insulina glargina con perfil farmacocinético y farmacodinámico más estable y prolongado que glargina U100. Glargina U300 demostró eficacia y tolerabilidad comparable a glargina U100, con descenso significativo del riesgo de hipoglucemias nocturnas y en 24 horas, aportando mayor flexibilidad en el horario de inyección, con una ventana de 6 horas. Además, no se observó mayor aumento de peso que con glargina U100. El estudio Bright (2018) comparó glargina U300 vs. degludec U100, demostrando mayor beneficio en relación al riesgo de hipoglucemia con Gla-300 durante el período de titulación. Gla-300 es una insulina basal de última generación, disponible para mejorar el control metabólico, con menor riesgo de hipoglucemia.

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic, progressive disease with increasing prevalence and still late diagnostic. This leads to an increase in the incidence of chronic complications, with signifi cantly increasing health costs. There is also a delay in the onset of insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes for causes related to both patients and physicians. Despite advances in treatment, a low proportion of patients achieve adequate glycemic control. The high hypoglycemia prevalence, consequence of insulin, has led to the development of a new generation long-acting basal insulins to achieve a more stable and prolonged action profile, reducing the variability and risk of hypoglycemia. The EDITION program evaluated the efficacy and safety of glargine U300 compared to glargine U100 in patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes at different stages of the disease. Gla-300 is a new formulation of insulin glargine which has a more stable and prolonged pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile. Gla-300 demonstrated efficacy and tolerability comparable to glargine U100, with a significant decrease in the risk of hypoglycemia, at night and in 24 hours, providing greater flexibility in the injection schedule, with a window of 6 hours. No increase in weight was observed compared to glargine U100. Bright study (2018) compared glargine U300 vs. degludec U100, demonstrating greater benefit in relation to the risk of hypoglycemia with Gla-300 during titration period. Gla-300 is a last-generation basal insulin, available to improve metabolic control, with a lower risk of hypoglycemia.

Grupo de autoayuda, un factor protector para pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 / The self-help group, a protective factor in diabetes mellitus type 2 patients

Resumen Introducción México tiene la mayor contribución a la mortalidad por diabetes del continente americano y una de las más altas tasas de mortalidad del mundo por esta condición. El tratamiento y control deben ser multidisciplinarios; es fundamental la educación sobre su enfermedad. Objetivo Determinar el impacto metabólico y educacional sobre la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en el grupo de autoayuda (GAA) para diabéticos. Material y métodos Estudio tipo cohorte, ambispectivo, en el Hospital Naval de Veracruz de octubre de 2017 a enero de 2018; GAA: 20 pacientes; consulta externa (CE): 80 pacientes; su nivel de conocimiento fue medido por el cuestionario DKQ24, el control metabólico, con Hb1Ac%; consultas a urgencias, tomadas de los expedientes de los últimos seis meses. Resultados Escolaridad: 50% nula a media en el GAA; medio superior, 44% en la CE; uso de urgencias, 12% del GAA, 88% de la CE; nivel de conocimiento: bueno en el GAA 95% y en la CE, 52%; 74% de aquéllos con buen conocimiento no fueron a urgencias en los últimos seis meses; un buen nivel de conocimiento se relacionó con mejor control de la Hb1Ac%. Conclusiones El GAA incrementa el nivel de conocimiento sobre su enfermedad -sin influir el nivel sociocultural- y aporta un factor protector para complicaciones agudas y mejor control metabólico.

Abstract Introduction Mexico has the highest contribution to mortality from diabetes in the Americas and one of the highest mortality rates in the world caused by this condition. Treatment and control should be multidisciplinary, being fundamental the education about the disease. Objective To determine the metabolic and educational impact on of a self-help group (SHG) for diabetics. Material and methods Cohort study at the Hospital Naval de Veracruz, from October 2017 to January 2018; SHG: 20 patients, outpatient consultation (EC): 80 patients; their level of knowledge was measured by the questionnaire DKQ24; their metabolic control ,with Hb1AC%; emergency room visits, taken from the records of the past six months. Results Schooling: zero to average in 50% of the SHG; higher than average in 44% of the EC; use of the emergency room: 12% of the SHG, 88% of EC; level of knowledge, good in 95% of the SHG and 52% of the EC; 74% of those with good knowledge did not go to the emergency room in the last six months; a good level of knowledge was related to better control of the Hb1Ac%. Conclusions The SHG increases the level of knowledge about their disease, regardless of the sociocultural level, providing a protective factor for acute complications and better metabolic control.

Psychological Distress Predicts HbA1c Trajectories among Type 1 Diabetic Adolescents / El estrés psicológico predice las trayectorias de HbA1c en adolescentes diabéticos tipo 1

Abstract Diabetic adolescents have poor metabolic control. We aimed to characterize the longitudinal association between the stress-related domains of emotional burden (EB), physician related-distress (PD), regimen-related distress (RD), diabetes-related interpersonal distress (ID), and hemoglobin glycosylated (HbA1c) trajectories among Type 1 diabetics Chilean adolescents. Thirty-two Type 1 diabetic adolescents (Mage=15.97; SD=3.45) were followed for one year. HbA1c was assessed at three time points, and a stress measure was obtained. Using a longitudinal growth curve modeling, a marginal overall negative linear trend was found in HbA1c (b = -0.23, p = 0.096). There was an interaction between time and PD (b = -0.33, p < 0.05), and a main effect of EB, RD, and ID on HbA1c. Psychological stress domains predict metabolic control trajectories. Monitoring diabetes specific stress may be a useful tool to identify adolescents at risk for poor control, and interventions that reduce such stress might lead to better management of diabetes in adolescents.

Resumen Los adolescentes diabéticos tienen un pobre control metabólico. El propósito de este estudio fue caracterizar la asociación longitudinal entre el estrés emocional (EB), estrés con el médico (PD), estrés con el tratamiento (RD) y estrés interpersonal (ID), con trayectorias de hemoglobinas glicosiladas (HbA1c) en adolescentes diabéticos tipo 1 (DM1). Treinta y dos adolescentes DM1 (Medad = 15.97, DE = 3.45) fueron seguidos un año. Se obtuvo la HbA1c tres veces en el año, más un auto-reporte de estrés. Análisis de curvas de crecimiento predijeron una tendencia lineal negativa en la trayectoria de HbA1c (b = -0.23, p = 0.096). Hubo una interacción entre el tiempo y PD (b = -0.33, p ≤ 0.05) y los efectos principales de EB, RD, e ID en HbA1c. Se concluye que el estrés psicológico predice trayectorias de HbA1c. Monitorear dominios específicos de estrés podría ser útil para identificar adolescentes con riesgo de tener pobre HbA1c, e intervenciones que reduzcan el estrés podrían ayudar a manejar la diabetes en adolescentes.

Efectividad del tratamiento periodontal en el control metabólico de pacientes con diabetes mellitus / Effectiveness of the periodontal treatment in the metabolic control of patients with diabetes mellitus

Se efectuó un estudio de intervención terapéutica en 60 pacientes con diabetes mellitus y periodontitis leve, atendidos en la consulta estomatológica del Hospital General Docente Dr Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso de Santiago de Cuba, con vistas a determinar si el tratamiento realizado favorecería el control metabólico de los afectados, desde noviembre de 2015 hasta igual mes de 2016. Se formaron 2 grupos de manera aleatoria con 30 integrantes cada uno: de estudio (números pares), quienes recibieron la fase inicial del tratamiento, raspado y alisado radicular; de control (números impares), se les indicó fase inicial e irrigaciones subgingivales con clorhexidina. Antes y después del tratamiento periodontal se realizaron exámenes de glucemia y hemoglobina glicosilada. Se utilizó la prueba de Ji al cuadrado de homogeneidad para la comparación entre dichos grupos, con una significación de 95%. Se concluyó que la terapia periodontal fue eficaz en el control metabólico de los pacientes

A study of therapeutic intervention in 60 patients with diabetes mellitus and light periodontitis, assisted in the estomatological service of Dr Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso Teaching General Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, aimed at determining if the treatment would favor the metabolic control of the affected patients, was carried out from November, 2015 to the same month in 2016. Two groups were formed at random with 30 members each: a study group (even numbers) who received the initial phase of the treatment, radicular scrapring and smoothing; a control group (odd numbers), they were indicated initial phase and subgingival irrigations with chlorhexidine. Before and after the periodontal treatment glycemia and glycosylated hemoglobin exams were carried out. The chi-square test of homogeneity was used for the comparison among these groups, with a significance of 95%. It was concluded that the periodontal therapy was effective in the metabolic control of the patients

Metabolic Control in Patients With Phenylketonuria Pre- and Post-Sapropterin Loading Test

Abstract In Portugal, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)-responsive patients with phenylketonuria (PKU) are identified using a loading test (LT). Phenylalanine/natural protein (Phe/NP) intake is increased to elevate blood Phe prior to the LT. In a longitudinal retrospective study, the impact of Phe/NP titration post-LT in 58 patients (19.6 + 8.2 years) with PKU during 4 study periods (SPs) was examined. In SP1 (2010-2013), patients were diet treated only; in SP2 (2014), the Phe/NP titration was followed by the LT in SP3 (2015). In SP4 (2016), patients received diet treatment only (n » 49) or BH4 þdiet (n » 9). The median percentage blood Phe within the target range was higher in SP1 versus SP4 (64 [28-85] vs 45 [0-66]; P < .001). Our results suggest that transient Phe/NP titration, associated with a deliberate increase in NP, may adversely affect metabolic control. Controlled studies are necessary to examine the longer term impact of temporary increased NP with BH4 LT in non-BH4-responsive patients.

Dislipidemia en Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1: Características y factores de riesgo asociados en pacientes del Instituto Autónomo Hospital Universitario de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela / Dyslipidemia and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Characteristics and risk factors associated with patients of the Autonomous Institute of the Hospital Universitario de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela

Objetivo: Conocer las características clínicas, de laboratorio y los factores de riesgo asociados para la presentación de dislipidemia, de los pacientes con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) de la Unidad de Endocrinología del IAHULA. Métodos: Estudio observacional, retrospectivo y descriptivo, basado en la data de 63 pacientes con DM1. Se recolectaron de su última consulta, edad, sexo, examen físico, tratamiento y datos de laboratorio para establecer el control metabólico. Resultados: El 56% de los pacientes era del sexo masculino y 44% del femenino, la edad promedio fue 17,43±8,89 años con rango de 3 a 44 años, la mayoría entre 11 y 18 años. El normopeso predominó (69,8%), seguido por sobrepeso-obesidad (27,9%), siendo éste más frecuente en el sexo femenino (50% vs 11,5%; p=0,008). El 73% presentó mal control metabólico, sin diferencias por sexo, edad y estado nutricional. El 60,3% presentó dislipidemia, principalmente hipercolesterolemia (cTotal alto 42,9% y cLDL alto 27%), seguida por elevación de triglicéridos (17,5%) y en menor frecuencia cHDL bajo (14,3%). La dislipidemia se asoció de manera significativa con sexo femenino, sobrepeso-obesidad y mal control metabólico (p<0,03). El mal control metabólico fue el factor más influyente en la presentación de dislipidemia y representó un riesgo 6 veces mayor de padecerla. Conclusión: En este grupo de pacientes con DM1 se observó una alta frecuencia de dislipidemia, principalmente hipercolesterolemia, en asociación con el mal control metabólico, el sexo femenino y el sobrepeso-obesidad. Son necesarias diferentes estrategias terapéuticas para evitar el exceso de peso y mejorar el control metabólico.

Objective: To know the clinical and laboratory characteristics and the associated risk factors for the presentation of dyslipidemia of the patients with type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1D) from the Endocrinology Unit of the IAHULA. Methods: Observational, retrospective and descriptive study, based on the data from 63 patients with T1D. Age, sex, physical examination, treatment, and laboratory data to establish metabolic control, were collected from the last visit. Results: Fifty-six percent of patients were male and 44% female, mean age was 17.43 ± 8.89 years with a range of 3 to 44 years. Most were in the range of 11-18 years. The normal weight predominated in 69.8%, followed by overweight-obesity in 27.9%, this being significantly more frequent in females (50% vs 11.5%; p=0.008). Seventy-three percent had poor metabolic control, with no differences by sex, age and nutritional status. The 60.3% had dyslipidemia, mainly hypercholesterolemia (high Total-c 42.9% and high LDL-c 27%), followed by elevated triglycerides (17.5%) and less frequently low HDL-c (14.3%). Dyslipidemia was significantly associated with female sex, overweight-obesity and poor metabolic control (p <0.03). Poor metabolic control was the most influential factor in the presentation of dyslipidemia and represents a 6-fold increased risk of developing it. Conclusion: In this group of patients with DM1 a high frequency of dyslipidemia, mainly hypercholesterolemia was observed, in association with poor metabolic control, female sex and overweight-obesity. Different therapeutic strategies are needed to prevent excess weight and improve metabolic control.

Diabetes mellitus in childhood: an emerging condition in the 21st century / Diabetes mellitus na infância: uma condição emergente no século 21

Summary The International Diabetes Federation (IDF-2015) estimates the existence of 30,900 children under 15 years old with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) in Brazil, and an increase of 3.0% per year is expected. This review focused on meta-analysis and pediatric diabetes update articles in order to draw attention to the need of planning coping strategies to support this serious public health problem in coming years. DM1 is considered an immuno-mediated disease with a complex transmission influenced by genetic and environmental factors responsible for a gradual destruction of the insulin producing pancreatic beta cells. Seroconversion to DM1-associated autoantibodies and abnormalities in metabolic tests that assess insulin secretion and glucose tolerance can be used as predictive criteria of beta cells functional reserve and the onset of the clinical disease. Symptomatic DM1 treatment is complex and the maintenance of good metabolic control is still the only effective strategy for preserving beta cell function. Disease duration and hyperglycemia are both risk factors for the onset of chronic vascular complications that negatively affect the quality of life and survival of these patients. In this regard, health teams must be trained to provide the best possible information on pediatric diabetes, through continuing education programs focused on enabling these young people and their families to diabetes self-management.

Resumo A Federação Internacional de Diabetes (IDF-2015) estima a existência no Brasil de 30.900 menores de 15 anos portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1), com previsão de aumento de 3,0% ao ano. Esta revisão buscou artigos de metanálise e atualização em diabetes infantil com o objetivo de alertar para a necessidade do planejamento de estratégias de enfrentamento deste que tende a ser um sério problema de saúde pública para os próximos anos. O DM1 é considerado uma doença imunomediada de transmissão complexa, influenciada por fatores genéticos e ambientais determinantes da destruição gradual das células beta pancreáticas produtoras de insulina. A positividade sorológica dos autoanticorpos associados ao DM1 e a alteração de testes metabólicos que avaliam a secreção de insulina e o estado glicêmico podem ser utilizados como critérios de previsão da reserva funcional de células beta e do início clínico da doença. O tratamento do DM1 sintomático é complexo, e a manutenção do bom controle metabólico é ainda a única estratégia efetiva de preservação das células beta ainda funcionantes. Tempo de duração da doença e hiperglicemia são fatores de risco para a instalação das complicações vasculares crônicas, que afetam negativamente a qualidade de vida e a sobrevida desses indivíduos. Torna-se necessária a formação de equipes de saúde preparadas para fornecer a melhor informação possível em diabetes infantil, através de programas de educação continuada, com potencial de capacitar esses jovens e suas famílias para o autocuidado.

Association Between Metabolic Control and Lipid Parameters in Indian Children with Type 1 Diabetes.

Objectives: To compare lipid parameters between diabetics and controls and to study association between metabolic control and lipid profile. Methods: Lipid profile and HbA1c were measured (n=80, 39 boys) in diabetic children [age 10.7(3.4) y] and 54 controls, tests repeated after 1 year (in 45 diabetics). Results: Diabetic children had higher mean (SD) LDL-C [95.3(27.7) vs 84.5(26.4) mg/dL], lower HDL-C [48.2 (13.1) vs 53.1(11.9) mg/dl]. Moderate physical activity (P=0.014) protected against high LDL-C levels. HbA1c (P=0.00) predicted total and LDL-C levels. At 1year, 63% showed reduced LDL-C with improving HbA1c; 72% showed increased LDL-C with deteriorated HbA1c. Conclusion: Improving metabolic control is cardinal to reduce cardiometabolic risk; physical activity is beneficial.

The Association of Eating Attitudes between Metabolic Control and Quality of Life in Patients with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Aims: The combination of an eating disorder and diabetes mellitus (DM) puts patients at high risk of mortality and morbidity. The purpose of this study was to determine the association of eating attitudes between metabolic control and quality of life in patients with type 1 DM (T1DM) and type 2 DM (T2DM) and with regard to different type of medical treatments. Study Design: A descriptive cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of the Study: Ege University Hospital Endocrine Polyclinic, December, 2013 – April, 2014.İzmir, Turkey. Methodology: One hundred and fifty adults with T1DM (n=52) and T2DM (n=98) were evaluated using general information questionnaire, Eating Attitude Test (EAT-40 Turkish version), SF-36 quality of life questionnaire. Biochemical data were collected from the hospital records retrospectively. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 15.0 programme. Results: The prevalence of disorders of eating attitudes in patients was found to be 39.3%. Metabolic control and quality of life were not related with eating attitudes in patients with DM. No significant correlation was found between the types of DM in terms of eating attitudes and medical treatments. Conclusion: DM is considered to be a risk factor for the development of eating disorders. In this area further studies are needed to develop diabetes specific eating behavior rating scales.